Models and methods for the interpretation of impedance spectra for normal and cancer cells before and after electrical stimulation, focusing on nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs), were investigated to describe salient features and their development that were observed in dedicated in situ experimental studies. For the first time a non-invasive, real-time and label-free method was established to explore temporal changes and their underlying physical processes of adherent cells for characteristics of cell-cell connections and the extracellular matrix.<eng>
